Then again, the quantum mechanical model says an electron is not really a moving target existing at a point, but a probabilistic wave function describing possible locations for the electron, all of which are actually occupied simultaneously in a quantum uncertaintly until collapsed by an observation, and hence Schringer's paradoxical cat. I find Bohr's "planetary" model much more intuitively comfortable, yet I have no problem with the quantum leaps between energy levels of orbitals. (Just noticed that you mentioned the charge, which is actually constant, rather than energy.) I find it fascinating how you've turned DNA and quantum computers into poetry and metaphysical speculation !) Mr I