arcady, This is not much different from back in 94/95 when they switched over to the first PowerPC RISC chips. They had an emulation layer to run non-native applications on the newer systems. The same thing happened back then as the new hardware ran the non-native applications slower then the previous hardware. It wasn't long before developers caught up. As for learning a new SDK, developers don't have to do this. If there app uses the Cocoa framework and is developed with XCode, it is a simple matter to compile it as a universal app. The web browser experiment I wrote, compiles as Universal with absolutely no code changes... The problem is that a lot of developers don't use Apples Development Tools and use the Carbon API instead of Cocoa. This presents more of a challenge to get a universal binary as they first have to port their code to Cocoa and that is not always an easy or short fix. My guess is that Carrara and many other 3D apps are using Carbon and possibly Code Warrior so they can develop cross platform. These type of apps are going to require a bit of time to change over. Regards, Paul