"So can one take an existing model in 3ds format (w/o bones) and add the bones in Poser? Or are there additional steps that need to be taken so that it can be animated and work in Poser?" Yes you can. But (as always, being Poser), Poser's bone room (SHUDDER!!) suffers from some eccentricities. If you can, (given the new PHP forum), search out Dr Geep's (aka geep) tutorials for this... Cheers, Diolma