#1. "HAL" is "IBM" with each letter changed to the one before and there is an unconfirmed rumour that 9000 is the sum of the various IBM computer numbers that were in service at the time. However, in the sequel "2010", Clarke emphatically denies that HAL's name is supposed to be "one step ahead of IBM". It is, rather, short for "Heuristic ALgorithm".

#2. HAL = Holland America Line

the rest of those acronyms are found here

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