Here's a demonstration. The green glass is a scaled box, not a plane. As you described, because the glass only passes green light, the red stripes on the cylinder turn black.

Notice the double reflections in the glass? This is quite accurate, because light gets reflected inside the glass, between the front and back surfaces.

Notice also how the refraction has correctly bent the light from the cylinder, causing it to be shifted in position. You can also see refraction of the cylinder in the edge of the box.

Also important is to have some sort of environment for the reflections. I have a sky dome surrounding the whole scene, with clouds. This gives some interesting combinations in the glass, where we see reflection and refraction of the sky, or reflection of the ground and refraction of the sky.

---

Renderosity forum reply notifications are wonky. If I read a follow-up in a thread, but I don't myself reply, then notifications no longer happen AT ALL on that thread. So if I seem to be ignoring a question, that's why. (Updated September 23, 2019)