Luckily I have been working with animation software for many years and my experience has come from "trial and error". The term "ramping" refers to how you get from point A to point B. Think of two points on a grid. You can draw a straight line between the points, or you can curve the line up or down. If you add another point to the equation you have the same options. The poser software assumes that given those three point that you want the motion to be smooth, so it creates a curve (look at the "graph" under the "animation pallette). The reason that most software defaults to this curved approach is that the human body is Always in motion. Lots of other packages use keyframes and while they would not directly coorospond to poser, the same theories are used. You may want to check books for 3D Studio or other 3d animation packages, or use the keywords "tweening" or "animation" in a web search just to get the theories down. Bottom line... don't give up. Visque