@ Believable:
I haven't been able to find a decent breakdown one how exactly turbulence works, but you can find some fascinating applications of this function which might give some insight:

www.runtimedna.com/mod/forum/messages.php
and do a search for "turbulence"

and here's an interesting application of turbulence on brick:
www.castleposer.co.uk/articles/material_bump_brick.html

Other thing you can do is set it up as a material on a simple surface, change the parameters and render... see what it does.
Coming from a musical background, I say "octaves" has to do with frequency, as in: how dense the pattern is or something? Guessing, here....

Monterey/Mint21.x/Win10 - Blender3.x - PP11.3(cm) - Musescore3.6.2

Wir sind gewohnt, daß die Menschen verhöhnen was sie nicht verstehen
[it is clear that humans have contempt for that which they do not understand] 

Metaphor of Chooks