PKRAM is holding down a sequence of keys right at start-up, waiting for the start-up chord to sound five times, then releasing. It resets a number of things in your system folder to factory specifications and is great for clearing out old memory sectors no longer in use. I do it by rote, so Ill have to look up the exact keys. Just now, I tried to remember what they were, and of course, couldnt think of what felt like the right combination. Incidently, Ive not found any problem yet with 9.1. What programs seem to be affected?