The solution to the problem, although disdainful, is to master the sucker by determined experimenting. In that way, you can 'thumb' the 'training course' and continue on your way. Just remember to keep notes on what you've discovered. I think CL was being clever too! Note the name, "Reference Manual". Not "User Guide" or "User Manual". And that's exactly what most of the manual reads like, a reference with little actual discussion on usage, approach, ins-and-outs. I'll use the aforementioned approach. Kuroyume

C makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot. C++ makes it harder, but when you do, you blow your whole leg off.

 -- Bjarne Stroustrup

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