I do understand what you mean by the cause and effect factor. Truthfully I am not totally dimishing the IK capabilities that Carrara does have. If I create a hierachy chain from leg to hip in Carrara and use a goal object and set the contraints, of course, it is going to act the way IK is supposed to act. And that is the delima that we are stunted with. Surely the IK in Carrara does do what it is supposed to do, however the problem is with the IK chains being made of the separate objects that make up your model. And that is the BIG problem with Carrara. Actually, IK chains are only indigenous to a single mesh. If you two lightwave objects, say a shin and a thigh as separate object files and loaded them into the layout and created a IK chain based on the Thigh, the shin will be uneffected by the chain because the bones are indigenous only to the thigh will only activate the vertices of the object it is indigenous to. In order to for the shin and the thigh to be effect you must create a single mesh. The shin and the thigh does not have to be connected but it must be a single file mesh. Only then can both the shin and the thigh be effected by a single IK chain. In order to do that I reiterate single mesh because that is what IK is designed for. To created realistic human movement without degredation to the model "So say my infamous Lightwave tutorial tapes. And that is why I question the validity of Carrara IK because you cannot do that without some kind of Object skeleton. Furthermore if you have poser, turn on fast tracking and pan the camera around. I f you think that those are bounding boxed that you see taking place of the poser model, you are wrong, that is the object skeleton that poser uses for its IK chains. I have both 3D studio max r2.5 and Lightwave 5.0 and I have yet to see and IK system in any product including poser which does not use an object skeleton. That is my argument, but you have a VERY VALID POINT